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Friday, October 5, 2012
Tuesday, October 2, 2012
A Place Called Paradise
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Chemical memory of seawater: Scientists examine biomolecules dissolved in the ocean and read them like a history book
ScienceDaily (Oct. 1, 2012) ? Water does not forget, says Prof. Boris Koch, a chemist at the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research in the Helmholtz Association. Irrespective of what happens in the sea: whether the sun shines, algae bloom or a school of dolphins swims through a marine area -- everything and everyone leaves biomolecular tracks. With the help of a combination of new techniques, Boris Koch and colleagues can now identify and retrace some of these.
In a special volume of the open access journal Biogeosciences, these scientists report on how these analyses work and which events in the sea have so far been uncovered by researchers.
Ponds, peat holes and roadside ditches full of stagnant rainwater were previously of no interest to the chemist Boris Koch. "Then I thought: everyone knows this brown sludge; what could be interesting about it? Today we are working with these very substances that colour the water in roadside ditches brown -- or expressed more precisely, with dissolved organic matter which not only occurs in ponds, but of course also in oceans," says Boris Koch, who initiated the research project and is co-editor of the special volume.
It is true that the concentration of these so-called biomolecules per litre of water is lower in oceans than in roadside ditches. However, if we were to tip all of the seawater in the world through a biomolecular porous sieve and convert all the components contained to units of carbon, the relationship would look completely different. It is estimated that the sieve would contain around 25 billion tonnes of stored carbon. This originates primarily from the remains of dead marine organisms and also from the biomass of living whales, fish, algae, bacteria, sea grass and other marine residents. On the other hand, some 662 billion tonnes of dissolved organic carbon would pile up under the sieve, consisting of ten thousands of various substances.
All of these substances aroused Boris Koch's curiosity: "Our work with dissolved organic matter is accompanied by two fundamental difficulties: firstly, to this day we do not know how much organic material reaches the sea or is produced there and why not everything is biodegraded. Secondly, the concentration of individual dissolved biomolecules is so low that we must consistently enrich our water samples so as to be able to study the dissolved organic matter they contain in an ultra-high resolution mass spectrometer at the Helmholtz Zentrum M?nchen," explains Koch, who is a co-operative professor at the Alfred Wegener Institute and Bremerhaven University and who lectures on marine chemistry.
With the help of this mass spectrometer at the Helmholtz Zentrum M?nchen, the German Research Centre for Environmental Health, the team of scientists working with Boris Koch has for the first time succeeded in identifying thousands of individual components in the dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the course of a single measurement. "The device gives us the chemical formula of each molecule and specifies how much carbon, oxygen, hydrogen or nitrogen it contains. We need this information to find out where the individual molecule might have originated from," Boris Koch explains.
At the end of the analysis in the mass spectrometer a kind of chemical fingerprint is produced which, in the course of statistical calculation, permits concrete conclusions to be made about the water in which the dissolved organic matter once swam in. "We are just beginning our studies. However, it would appear that, using this method, we have discovered a new way of exploiting the water's chemical memory," says Boris Koch. For example, scientists can say how old the dissolved matter is, whether it was exposed to strong sunlight along its path through the oceans or which bacteria and types of plankton probably once swam in the same body of water.
"We can even trace which share of the DOM leaves its tracks in the atmosphere. Foam and waves can transport DOM into the air where it has a considerable influence on climate," adds Dr. Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin from the Institute of Ecological Chemistry at Helmholtz Zentrum M?nchen. After all, the most important questions about DOM arise from climate research. Boris Koch: "The dissolved organic matter in the ocean is one of the largest active carbon reservoirs on earth. Previously climate research paid little consideration to its storage capacity, despite the fact that it binds carbon dioxide for periods of 3000 years or more -- the average age of our sample material."
The question for scientists at the Alfred Wegener Institute is now to close these gaps in knowledge and to find out more about the role of the DOM in the global carbon cycle. The chemical analysis process could also be used in other sub-disciplines of marine research: "Oceanographers could always draw on the DOM finger print when it is not possible to distinguish water masses solely on the basis of temperature and salt content readings. Furthermore, during one of the next expeditions with the research vessel Polarstern, together with biologists we plan to examine whether the DOM in bodies of water along the migration routes of southern elephant seals demonstrates certain chemical commonalities. Perhaps we will find evidence that these marine mammals find their way using 'water odour'," chemist Boris Koch says.
Personally the new findings mean that he now sees every ditch in a different light. Koch: "We now know that every drop of water contains real chemical information which, thanks to new technology, we are now able to access."
Background: What is DOM?
Dissolved organic matter, or DOM, in the ocean is one of the largest active, organic carbon reservoirs on earth. The global volume of carbon stored in the DOM (662 billion tonnes) is comparable with the total volume of carbon in atmospheric carbon dioxide (currently 835 billion tonnes) and in land plants (610 billion tonnes). Moreover it exceeds the volume of carbon stored in living marine animals, plants and bacteria (some 3 billion tonnes) by a factor of 200.
The organic matter is formed from atmospheric carbon dioxide by primary producers such as plants and plankton by photosynthesis. This takes place both on land (plants) and in the sea (algae). The DOM formed is either transported to the oceans via rivers or it is directly released in the seawater or sea ice, for example by algae and converted by microbial degradation. In flat coastal waters and the open sea, bacteria absorb take up part of the DOM as their most important source of organic energy. They decompose the material and break it down into its basic components. The carbon dioxide created in the process dissolves in the water and can thereby escape back into the atmosphere.
The other part of the freshly incorporated DOM is initially not broken down by bacteria, but rather chemically modified, and withstands the decomposition process for a period of up to 5000 years. This is an extremely unusual process from a chemical point of view because in principle the oxygen-rich water column should promote rapid microbial degradation of the organic material. The two major questions are now: why are degradation processes interrupted and why does a significant part of the atmospheric carbon remain stored in the DOM of the oceans, circulating them for a long time? In this way marine DOM acts as a buffer in the organic carbon cycle.
Despite the evident major significance of DOM, until now it has been scarcely possible to classify it in the global carbon cycle. The complex composition of the DOM represented an enormous analytical challenge. Consequently, there was insufficient information about the precise sources of the DOM, the formation and degradation processes and its binding mechanisms with minerals and heavy metals.
Reference: http://www.biogeosciences.net/special_issue95.html
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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres.
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Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/~3/0hfcW4Nep7Y/121001102433.htm
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Border Patrol agent shot dead in Arizona, another wounded
PHOENIX (Reuters) - A Border Patrol agent was shot dead and another wounded when they came under fire early on Tuesday while responding to a tripped ground sensor in a drug smuggling corridor in Arizona, near the border with Mexico, authorities said.
Authorities said three agents were on foot about 5 miles north of the border when gunfire erupted well before daybreak but provided few additional details on the circumstances of the violence.
"As they were walking up the trail, they reported taking gunfire," Cochise County Sheriff's spokeswoman Carol Capas said. "We have unknown suspect or suspects at this point."
The shooting marks the fourth death of a Border Patrol agent in Arizona in less than two years and was likely to reignite concerns over border security in a state neighboring Mexico that is already at the forefront of the national immigration debate.
"Flags will be lowered in honor of the slain agent. Elected officials will vow to find those responsible. Arizonans and Americans will grieve, and they should. But this ought not only be a day of tears," Governor Jan Brewer said in a statement.
"There should be anger, too. Righteous anger - at the kind of evil that causes sorrow this deep, and at the federal failure and political stalemate that has left our border unsecured and our Border Patrol in harm's way," added Brewer, a vocal foe of President Barack Obama's administration on immigration.
Brewer, citing what she described as a federal failure to secure Arizona's southern border, signed a broad immigration crackdown into law in 2010 to try to crack down on the flow of illegal immigrants into the state where an estimated 360,000 undocumented people live.
Critics of the law, which include a requirement that police check the immigration status of anyone they stop and suspect of being in the country illegally, have said it could lead to racial profiling.
GROUND SENSORS
The shooting took place near the border town of Naco, southeast of Tucson, which remains a corridor for marijuana trafficking and human smuggling, despite the construction of a tall, steel fence along the border.
"We need to redouble our efforts to secure the border and ensure the safety of Border Patrol agents," U.S. Democratic Representative Ron Barber, who represents the southern Arizona district where the shooting occurred, said in a statement.
Sheriff's deputies were called to the scene at 1:33 a.m. local time (4:33 a.m. EDT/0833 GMT) and found one agent dead and another with non-life-threatening injuries, Capas said. A third was unharmed. FBI agents were also investigating.
The Border Patrol identified the slain agent as Nicholas Ivie, 30, who was originally from Utah and had worked for the agency since 2008.
The agents had been responding to a sensor, which picks up on movement or vibrations in areas authorities suspect are used by drug traffickers and illegal immigrants. When an alert is triggered, agents have the option to respond.
Capas said the agents who were shot were assigned to the Brian A. Terry Border Patrol Station, named after an agent whose 2010 death in the line of duty in Arizona borderlands was linked to a botched U.S. operation to track guns smuggled to Mexico.
In that case, two guns tracked by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives in the "Fast and Furious" sting operation, which let weapons slip into Mexico, were retrieved from the spot where Terry died in a shoot-out with bandits. It was unclear if the weapons were used in his murder.
Separately, two Border Patrol agents were killed last year in a accident during a car chase with smugglers near Gila Bend, near Phoenix.
(Reporting by David Schwartz in Phoenix, Tim Gaynor in Mexico City, and Daniel Trotta in New York; Writing by Cynthia Johnston; Editing by Stacey Joyce and Cynthia Osterman)
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/border-patrol-agent-shot-dead-arizona-another-wounded-203148479.html
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Monday, October 1, 2012
'Beasts of the Southern Wild' ineligible at SAG
FILE - This June 25, 2012 file photo shows Benh Zeitlin, director and co-writer of the movie "Beasts of the Southern Wild," arriving at the premiere of the movie at the Joy Theater in New Orleans. Zeitlin has been named the New Orleans Film Society's "Celluloid Hero" for his Louisiana-made indie film released in theaters nationwide this summer. The honor is bestowed to film industry stand-outs who have made significant contributions to the art of making films. (AP Photo/Gerald Herbert, file)
FILE - This June 25, 2012 file photo shows Benh Zeitlin, director and co-writer of the movie "Beasts of the Southern Wild," arriving at the premiere of the movie at the Joy Theater in New Orleans. Zeitlin has been named the New Orleans Film Society's "Celluloid Hero" for his Louisiana-made indie film released in theaters nationwide this summer. The honor is bestowed to film industry stand-outs who have made significant contributions to the art of making films. (AP Photo/Gerald Herbert, file)
LOS ANGELES (AP) ? The independent-film hit "Beasts of the Southern Wild" will be ineligible for the Screen Actors Guild Awards because its stars were not professional actors.
Guild officials said Monday that "Beasts" was not made under provisions of the union's contracts.
The producers have until Oct. 25 to bring the film into guild compliance to become eligible for the awards, though that likely would mean paying the actors more money.
Director Benh Zeitlin cast locals in his film set in rural Louisiana, including his two stars, first-time actors Quvenzhane (kwah-VAHN'-jah-nay) Wallis as a 6-year-old wild child, and Dwight Henry as her father.
"Beasts" is a critical darling, winning top honors at the Sundance Film Festival, so sitting out the Jan. 27 SAG Awards will not necessarily hurt its Academy Awards prospects.
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India?s Oscars entry draws copycat flak
LOS ANGELES, Sept 30 ? India?s entry for best foreign language film at next year?s Oscars has become the latest Bollywood movie to draw flak for allegedly plagiarising foreign hits in a ?mash-up? of ripped-off scenes.
?Barfi!? has won over critics and cinema-goers for its portrayal of a love triangle between a deaf man named Barfi and two women, one of whom is autistic ?? not typical subject matter in the prolific Hindi-language film industry.
But since its release two weeks ago, several videos have spread through YouTube and social media sites highlighting a number of scenes that appear to draw heavily from international classics.
Film buffs spotted stark resemblances with clips from Gene Kelly?s hit ?Singin? in the Rain? (1952), Jackie Chan?s ?Project A? (1983), Buster Keaton?s ?Cops? (1922) and ?The Notebook? (2004) starring Ryan Gosling among others.
?Barfi!? has won over critics and cinema-goers for its portrayal of a love triangle between a deaf man named Barfi and two women, one of whom is autistic. ? AFP pic
The plot has been likened to ?Benny & Joon?, the 1993 film starring Johnny Depp, while the soundtrack has drawn further comparisons with the musical score from ?Amelie?, the 2001 hit starring Audrey Tautou.One of the clearest sources of inspiration is Charlie Chaplin: one scene shows Barfi dodging a policeman through a sliding door, just as the king of silent film did in 1917?s ?The Adventurer?.
?Barfi!? director Anurag Basu has hit back at critics, saying the film is intentionally paying homage to Chaplin in a similar way to ?The Artist?, the black-and-white silent film that won Best Picture at this year?s Oscars.
?If I would have changed the shot, twisted things around and made it my own it would have been stealing,? Basu told the Indian TV show Headlines Today.
?I did shot-to-shot because they are famous iconic shots and scenes from famous masterpieces, every filmmaker knows them.?
Bollywood has come under fire before for remaking Hollywood flicks in the Hindi language, but ?Barfi!? is under particular scrutiny because the movie-mad country is yet to win an Oscar in the foreign film category.
?So why would an Oscar jury pick a movie that reminds them of the very many movies they?ve seen before ?? and which include films that are now Hollywood legend?? asked online magazine Firstpost.
In one of several earlier Bollywood copycat rows, US studio 20th Century Fox submitted a US$1.4 million (RM4.3 million) claim in 2009 against BR Films over ?Banda Yeh Bindaas Hai?, alleging it was an illegal remake of ?My Cousin Vinny?. The case was settled out of court.
Image consultant Dilip Cherian worried that entering ?Barfi!? into the Oscars could cause embarrassment for India in the long-run.
?The fact is that critics will start wondering at which stage does plagiarism end in Indian movies and at what stage is it inspiration,? he told Headlines Today.
Only three Indians films have been shortlisted in the foreign film category at the Oscars: ?Mother India? in 1958, ?Salaam Bombay!? (Hello Bombay!) in 1989, and ?Lagaan? (Land Tax) in 2002.
Manju Borah, who chairs India?s selection committee, defended the latest choice.
?We selected ?Barfi!? because of its treatment and freshness,? she told the Hindustan Times.
?In any case, every filmmaker is inspired by some cinema.?
Film critic and curator Meenakshi Shedde said an ?affectionate tribute? to world cinema, such as ?Barfi!?, was not the same as stealing someone?s ideas ?? but she doubted for other reasons whether the film was the best selection.
?The criteria the Oscars look for is something uniquely Indian. Something that offers insights into the culture or society,? Shedde told AFP. ?? AFP-Relaxnews
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How Acupuncture Works According To Traditional Acupuncture And ...
Word Count: 822 Date:
Acupuncture is one of the most popular traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) that is widely used for a range of conditions. It is done by inserting a solid, metallic, thin needle into the skin at different pressure points along the meridians. Needles can be manipulated manually or through electrical stimulation.
A patient may feel varied sensations at various acupuncture points also depending on what is happening from a health perspective. Additionally there are different ways to insert the needle to induce different effects. A patient seeing a skilled acupuncturist does not need to worry about pain in general.
Two Main Schools Of Thought
There are two main schools of thought regarding the big question of: how does acupuncture work? The original school of thought agrees with the concept of TCM, which is based on the flow of energy (qi) and the school of thought which emerged from the 1970s, led by doctors such as Dr. Felix Mann which is a scientifically based system known asmedical acupuncture today. Let's examine a little these two different schools of thought.
1 - Traditional Acupuncture
In order to understand the traditional acupuncture model we need to have a basic appreciation of the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) concept of disease.
Disease in TCM is considered to occur when there is a lack of harmony between the interactions or functioning of qi, yin, yan, xu?, z?ng-f?, meridians as well as/or possibly an imbalance between the human body and its environmental surroundings.
To cure the disease the TCM practitioner needs to identify the pattern of disharmony, which for example can also be caused by an invasion of damp, cold or wind. Proponents of this ancient healing practice believe that the body contains at least 350 acupuncture points that lie along the 12 meridians or channels of the body.
Once the pattern is identified in TCM it is commonly treated with acupuncture and/or herbs.
A traditional acupuncturist will carry out a traditional diagnosis and know which points to insert the acupuncture needles to have the best result. Expert acupuncturists can determine the root cause of a disease by inspecting the patient's tongue, breathing, smell of breath, sound of the voice and strength of the pulse. The intensity of acupuncture treatments given to patients vary depending on the results of the diagnosis.
2 - Medical Acupuncture
Medical acupuncture is best explained in the concept of neuroscience. It is believed that acupuncture plays a vital role in treating and preventing the onset of diseases by accessing and stimulating the acupuncture points in the body.
There is quite a bit of research which shows that acupuncture promotes overall health and fitness by stimulating the central nervous system to produce chemicals and hormones to the spinal cord, brain and muscles of the body.
These chemicals can either lessen the intensity of pain or trigger the production of other hormones and chemicals that can help in regulating the body's internal functions and processes. The increased production of chemicals and hormones helps in stimulating and enhancing the body's natural restorative, therapeutic and healing abilities thereby promoting a healthy emotional and physical being.
When the needles are inserted into the acupuncture points, it stimulates the nerve fibres to send nerve impulse to the spinal cord. It further stimulates the production of endorphins such as dynorphin and enkephalin that inhibit pain.
When the nerve fibres are stimulated, it also sends nerve signals to certain areas of the mid-brain that is responsible for the production of enkephalin which is a precursor to the production of monoamine transmitters like norepinephrine and serotonin. These monoamine transmitters play vital roles in suppressing the transmission of pain signals. Meanwhile, serotonin is scientifically proven to have anti-depressant effects to the brain aside from the fact that it reduces the intensity of pain.
Acupuncture is also beneficial in the production of adrenocorticotropic and beta-endorphin hormones. Endorphins provide immediate pain relief while adrenocorticotropic stimulates the adrenal gland to produce cortisol which is known for its anti-inflammatory effects.
Japanese v Chinese Acupuncture
Japanese and Chinese have different ways of conducting acupuncture. After a thorough investigation, a Japanese acupuncturist checks the pulse to determine where the needles should be inserted. Meanwhile, a Chinese acupuncturist checks the pulse once and examines the tongue to find out the activities that are taking place inside the body.
The Chinese believed that a disruption in the natural flow of energy or qi in the body can trigger the onset of different kinds of diseases. Furthermore, the lack of harmony between the mind and the body can cause an imbalance which can commence the development of diseases.
As well as different approaches and schools of thought, there are also a variety of different types of acupuncture.
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